前缀trans- (tra-,tran-,treas-) = across;beyond;over

在单词translate （翻译）中有个常用的前缀trans-，它原本是拉丁介词，基本含义为 across,over,beyon,即表示“穿、越、超”之意。当它出现在拉丁借词中时，有tran-和tra- 两个异体。tran- 用在以s开头的词根前，tran-出现在少数以d,j,m,v开头的词根前。15世纪以后，trans- 也作用派生前缀与单词结合，这时它没有形态变化。

前缀trans-词源：
prefix meaning "across, beyond, to go beyond," from Latin trans-, from prep. trans "across, over, beyond," probably originally present participle of a verb *trare-, meaning "to cross" (see through).

以下介绍trans- 的异体tran- 与tra- 与词根结合的例子。

1.travesty [tra<trans( =over, across) + 词根vest( =dress)穿衣服超过某种程度]
n. any treatment that makes a serious work seem ridiculous; imitation or description of something that is unlike and inferior to the real thing; distortion 滑稽模仿（严肃的作品）．拙劣的模仿：曲解
vt. make or be a travesty of 拙劣地模仿，滑稽地模仿；歪曲
举例： The trial was a complete travesty-totally unfair. 那场审判简直就是一场滑稽剧——完全不公正。

2.traduce [tra<trans( =over, across) +duc( =lead) 超过某种程度、分开拉动]
vt. say untrue or malicious things about; slander 中伤；诽谤
traducer n. 诽谤者
举例： Stars are used to seeing their names traduced in the tabloids. 明星们已经习惯于看到小报中伤自己的名誉。

3.transcribe [tran- (trans-) = voer 过；scrib = to writer 写；-e ⇒"to write over 抄写过来" →]
v. copy in writing or in typewriting 抄写，誊写；用打字机打出复本
举例： The typist quickly transcribed the letter from the shorthand notes. 打字员词速按速记稿打出那封信。
transcript n.抄本；誊本；副本；肄业证书
transcription n. 抄写，誊写；按速记稿打出文字

4.transpire [tran- (trans-) = through 透；spir = to breathe 呼吸；-e⇒ "to breathe through 秀气" →]
v. 1)send off the waste matter through the skin,leaf,ect. 排出，蒸发
举例： Man transpires even in cold winter. 人类甚至在寒冷的冬天也在排汗。
2) leak out;make known 泄露，被人知道
举例： It later transpired that the king hadbeen ill by then. 后来才透露出，国王当时就已经生病了。
transpiration n. 蒸发，排出；植物蒸腾作用

5.tradition [ tra- (trans-) = voer 过；dit = to give 给;-ion = -ing ⇒"giving over 传过来" →]
n. passing down of custom , belief,ect. 传统
举例： We should keep up the fine trandition of hardwork. 我们要保持艰苦奋斗的传统。

6.traverse [ tra- (trans- ) = across 越；vers = to turn 转动;-e⇒ "to turn across 翻越过去"→]
v. move across 横越
举例： This railway traverses the whole country. 这条铁路横贯全国。

以下是介绍以原生词缀trans- 开头的几个常词。

1.transient [trans- ( =over) + 词根i < it ( =go)越过去]
adj. lasting for a short time only; ephemeral 一时的，暂时的，短暂的
n. guest who is not a permanent residant 临时旅客，过往旅客
举例： So-called falling stars are transient phenomena, lasting just a few seconds. 所谓的流星只是瞬时现象，仅仅持续几秒钟。

2.transmute [trans( =intensive) + 词根 mut( =change)完全改变）]
vt. change the shape．nature or substance of 改变模样、性质、内容
transmutation n. 变化，变形，变换
transmutable adj. 可以变化的
举例： In the movie,a man is transmuted into a giant fly. 茌那部电影中，一个男人变成了一只巨大的苍蝇。

3.intransigent [(in( =not) +trans( =across) +ig( =drive)无法变换带动的]
adj. uncompromising,especially in politics （特别指政治上）不妥协的
n. a person who is intransigent 不妥协的人
intransigence n. 不妥协的态度
举例： My parents are intransigent about not letting me drive until l'm 18. 找父母对我18岁之前不能驾车这件事态度非常坚决。

4.transact [trans- = across 穿过；act = to drive 驱使 ⇒ " to drive or carry across 使通过" →]
v.acrry on ;manage 执行；办理
举例： It took him ten minutes to transact his business at bank. 处理银行事务花了他10分钟时间。
transaction n. 办理；执行；交易；事务

5.transfer [trans- = across 穿过；fer = to bear 运载 ⇒" to bear across 运到对面去" → ]
v. remove from one person or place to another;hand over 转移；传递
举例： This firm has been transferred to my son. 这公司已经移交给我儿子。
transference n. 转移；调动；转让
transferor n. 转让人
transferee n.受让人
transferable adj. 可转移的；可转让的

6.translate [trans- = across 到另一方；lat = to carry 带；-e ⇒"to carry an idea another language 将某种意思带到另一种语方去" →]
v. change into another language 翻译
举例： He is translating a book from French into English. 他正把一本法文书翻译成英文。
translation n. 翻译；译文，译本

7.transmit [trans- = over 超过；mit = to send 送→]
v. send over;pass on 传递；传达
举例： I will transmit the money by special messenger. 我将派专人把这笔款项送去。
transmitter n.传送者，传达者；发报机
transmission n. 传送，传达；发射，播送

8.transparent [trans- = across or through 穿透；par = to appear 现；-ent adj. = -ing ⇒"appearing throgh 穿透而现的"→]
adj. easy to see through 透明的
举例： Window glass is transparent .窗玻璃的透明的。 transparency n. 透明；透明度；透明物

最后，介绍派生词缀trans- 与单词结合的几个有代表性的词例。

1.transatlantic [trans- = across 横贯；Atlantic n. 大西洋→ ]
adj. crossing the Atlantic 横越大西洋的
举例： The dispatch was sent by transatlantic cable. 这条电讯是由横贯大西洋海底电缆拍发出去的。

2.transnational [trans- = beyond 超越；national adj. 国家的 →]
adj. 超越国界的，跨国的
举例： This company has been taken over by a transnational company. 该公司已经被某跨国公司所接管。

3.transship [ trans- = across 跨越；ship v. 用船装运 ⇒"to carry a cargo from one ship to another 将货物从一船装到另一船" →]
v.transfer from one ship ,train,ect. to another 转船，转载
举例： The goods should be transshipped at Hongkong. 这批货要在香港转船。
transshipment n. 转船运输；转载

词根：

i<it(go):

ambience ['æmbiəns] n. （场所的）环境，氛围 *amb<ambi( =around)

transit [ˈæmbiəns] v./n. 运送；通过 *trans( =over)

itinerant [aɪˈtɪnərənt] adj. 巡回的；周游的

mut(change):

mutable adj. 易变的；反复尤常的 mutaion n. 变化

commutation n. 交换，对换；减刑 *com( =together)

vest(dress):

ves n. 马甲；给穿上法农，祭服等；给予权力

vestment n. 衣服；礼服；官服

invest v. 投资；包围 *in( =in)

ig(drive):

circumnavigator n. 周游世界者 *circum( =around),ig( =drive)

navigator n. 航海者 *nav( =ship)

prodigally adv. 丰富地 *prod<pro( =forward)

duc(=lead):

coeducation n. 男女同校 *co<com(=together),e<ex（out）

inducement n. 诱导；说服 * in( =in)

oviduct n. 输卵管 *ovi (=egg)